The jury is still out on whether wide-scale screening for atrial fibrillation (AFib) in the general population is recommendable, considering the costs and complexity such workflows would entail. Data to support efficacy have thus far been mixed. Some studies have suggested that frequent opportunistic screening of high-risk patients, such as the elderly, in an outpatient setting could increase diagnostic yield up to 5x compared to a single 12-lead ECG assessment.1 Other studies that analyzed similar cohorts in similar settings using point-of-care assessments showed no significant increase in AFib detection rate or usefulness.2,3
Yet, we know that atrial fibrillation is still the most common heart rhythm disorder and inflicts significant morbidity and mortality.4 And it's going to get worse. As our population ages, the burden of AFib will grow exponentially, with more than 12 million Americans predicted to have the disease by 2030.5 This means that we should redouble our efforts to catch AFib and treat it early, by finding ways that are more cost-effective and more clinically sensitive. And if this glimpse at the future alone isn't enough to sound the alarm, here are 5 reasons we can't wave the white flag on developing early detection strategies.
1. The incidence of undiagnosed AFib could be as high as 40%
Most patients with AFib will have episodes often enough to be detected in a doctor's office or overnight using a 24-hour monitor. However, about 1 in 4 will have sporadic ("paroxysmal") episodes that occur at unpredictable times.6 This means that doctors must rely instead on patients reporting symptoms such as shortness of breath, dizziness, or chest pain before they would even entertain further investigation. And what if those paroxysms go without symptoms? Then the physician must suspect AFib from other history and physical exam findings and order the correct tests, which themselves have no guarantee of making a diagnosis because of the intermittent nature of the disease. Or they will be subjected to an odyssey of repeated visits and outpatient monitoring without a definitive diagnosis. All of this means that for perhaps as much as 40% of patients with AFib, their disease will likely be missed. They will be walking around with undetected, untreated atrial fibrillation, waiting for a complication to bring them to medical attention.7
So, what can be done? Should we look harder? Or look longer? Studies that took a more continuous approach to opportunistic screening have indeed seen positive results. A 2020 study examining the diagnostic yield of AFib screening in high-risk patients using a single-lead ECG in an outpatient setting showed that frequent examinations could lead to a 5-fold increase in detection compared to usual care.1
Another recent study analyzing a larger cohort using a continuous, wearable ECG patch saw a significantly increased rate of new AFib detection for the actively monitored group.8 This study also demonstrated that it was feasible to implement a targeted AFib detection strategy for high-risk patients without relying on fixed geographical sites, expanding potential reach to areas without specialty clinics.
No one would argue against the value of finding these currently undiagnosed AFib patients. But with increased screening intensity comes increased cost, complexity, and burden on the patient, the clinician, and the healthcare system. And it raises the question of whether every patient with even the smallest burst of AFib needs to be treated. Perhaps more intense screening is moving in the wrong direction, and instead, we should concentrate on making spot-screening tools more effective, cheaper, and more available?
2. Over 1 in 5 patients with AFib suffers a stroke before their AFib is diagnosed
For patients lucky enough to survive in the first place, the lifelong complications of a stroke can be debilitating, making prevention of utmost importance. Yet, one study showed that for nearly 22% of patients hospitalized from an ischemic stroke, AFib was only diagnosed after the event occurred.9 And the problem was even more acute for younger patients, with over one-third of new AFib cases diagnosed after hospitalization in patients below 75 years of age! This tells us that too many undiagnosed cases are still slipping by routine care and that a large percentage of patients are suffering downstream consequences of AFib before the condition is diagnosed.
This is the scourge of silent AFib, and it is frighteningly common. The study cited above also found that 30-40% of atrial fibrillation could be asymptomatic,9 which means that providers can't rely on patients bringing AFib symptoms to their attention in a timely manner. What is even more worrisome is that AFib may very frequently be the cause of "cryptogenic" strokes — that is, strokes without any apparent cause even after extensive investigation. One study found evidence that previously undiagnosed AFib could be found in 12.4% of cases of cryptogenic stroke after a 12-month follow-up.10
3. Undiagnosed and under-treated AFib adds billions to medical spending
While cost is a major obstacle for targeted screenings using 12-lead ECGs, the financial burden of waiting until it's too late is also high. It is obvious that severe health consequences such as stroke are detrimental to patients' livelihoods, but there are also additional costs associated with AFib.
One study looking at the economic impact of AFib in the U.S. estimated that the incremental medical costs of undiagnosed, non-valvular AFib exceeds $3 billion annually.11 And those costs were not attributed only to stroke and its morbidity, but also included loss of work due to symptoms such as malaise, day-of-surgery cancelations due to sudden AF "discoveries," fatigue, and feelings of "impending doom," visits to urgent care settings, and admissions to the hospital for treatment. These financial findings suggest a strong economic benefit from catching and treating undiagnosed AFib.
4. AFib is very treatable if caught early
Despite all this doom and gloom, the good news is that the risks from AFib can be drastically reduced if it is caught and treated early. Sometimes this means restoring a regular, normal sinus rhythm, and other times it means establishing anticoagulation. Restoring a normal rhythm achieves significant improvement in symptoms and returning to a normal lifestyle.12-14 Timely initiation of anticoagulation reduces stroke risk by as much as 64%, provided that the regimen is prescribed and followed properly.15
Even patients with infrequent episodes can benefit from early detection. Studies have shown that stroke risk for paroxysmal AFib patients can vary greatly based on the collective time each individual spends in AFib over a given period. One study found that patients with an AFib burden of 11.4% or higher had an over 3-fold increased risk for stroke than those with a burden below 2%.16 Furthermore, this association was independent of other risk factors such as CHA2DS2-VASc and ATRIA scores. More individualized understanding of stroke risk will not only allow clinicians to make more precise determinations for care but keep patients informed and understanding of their own risk level to further incentivize adherence to their therapy.
5. Cost-effective early detection tools are now widely available
With the abundance of digital technology available today, we now have far more options for designing and implementing systematic AFib screening programs that are cost-effective, adaptable, and scalable. The issue isn't whether screening is worthwhile but whether it can become cost-effective enough to be implemented with adequate frequency. We should take what we've learned from previous studies and design new approaches that address these challenges. For example, opportunistic screening conducted at a single point in time will likely miss a large portion of paroxysmal and asymptomatic AFib, and so we very likely need to screen more often.
This approach will need to be easy and cost-effective enough for patients and providers to apply regularly over a long period of time. For example, a study conducted on more than 7,000 elderly patients in Sweden found that serial ECG screenings over a 2-week period yielded a 4-fold increase in detection compared to a single assessment.17 But rather than doing that screening with expensive 12-lead ECG machines that require specialized skill to administer, we can now deploy a variety of consumer ECG devices that are convenient to use and a fraction of the cost.18,19
An added benefit of these inexpensive, software-enabled, patient-friendly rhythm monitoring devices is that they will become more valuable over time as the software and hardware improve. For example, one point-of-care cardiac assessment tool, the Eko DUO, allows for frequent, low-cost capture of heart rhythm and sounds in an outpatient or home care setting. Because it serves as the physician's stethoscope, it would be applied to every patient that the physician examines. This means a device costing only a few hundred dollars that can screen for AFib with 99% sensitivity — when used on thousands of patients per year, per physician — can drop the cost per screening to pennies. And because the DUO is a platform for machine learning software algorithms, it will only continue to improve: Currently, the DUO can detect AFib and rapid or slow rhythms, but soon it will also be able to detect problems with the heart's pumping function and other abnormalities.*
Low profile, convenient, and digitally augmented tools like the DUO can help providers shift efforts targeting AFib detection from not cost-effective to very cost-effective. They'll be able to perform frequent ECG assessments during physical and virtual encounters that are faster, less cumbersome, and cheaper than using a 12-lead or ordering an ambulatory monitor. This can be particularly impactful for primary and geriatric care professionals that frequently encounter older patients who are at high risk for AFib or stroke. It's likely that low-cost and convenient devices like DUO could eventually serve as monitoring devices over the longer term, helping physicians keep track of their patients who are on drug therapies for AFib or recovering from procedures such as heart surgery where AFib is an extremely common and dangerous complication.
Additionally, for healthcare professionals who aren't performing ECG assessments regularly, being able to listen for rhythm irregularities using their stethoscope is another crucial opportunity to catch early signs of disease. Digitally augmented tools like the 3M Littmann CORE Digital Stethoscope help clinicians hear heart sounds more clearly. By using a unique combination of sound amplification and active noise cancellation, clinicians can catch even the subtlest sounds of irregular heart beats.
So, where do we go from here? We must generate evidence that screening patients with these devices is truly cost-effective and has a positive impact on patients and healthcare. That evidence will move the needle toward adopting AFib screening as the standard of care and help reduce the burden of this terrible disease.
Learn more about AFib and other heart health topics with educational articles from Eko Academy.
References
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